Piggy Backing as International Entry Mode free essay sample

We would also like to thank Staffan Livbom, Chief Executive Officer of BossIT Communications, for taking the time to answer our questions and explaining in detail BossIT’s international expansion. Lulea, May 2005 Tobias Simolin Olov Renberg I ABSTRACT There is a process ongoing where domestic markets are merging into a large global market, and this clash creates a larger supply of products on the international marketplace. Firms have to be able to adapt to these new settings to stay competitive. Previous research has focused on how manufacturing firms and foremost large firms go international. Since more firms are outsourcing their services and employing small service firms to do a specific part of their work abroad, our research is focusing on small firms. For a small firm, it is important to choose the right mode of entry when entering a foreign market. We will write a custom essay sample on Piggy Backing as International Entry Mode or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There exists a large array of different modes to choose from when entering a foreign market. The decision of what method to implement can be critical since they may differ in how successful the international entry becomes. One of these international entry modes that has not been received sufficient attention in previous research and thus we have chosen to address is piggybacking, which is when a company indirectly exports through a larger firms distribution channels. To add into the research of piggybacking we have focused on a small firm that is working with telecom in the service sector. This research has provided an understanding that small service firms can use piggybacking as an international entry mode. The concept of globalisation and internationalisation is referred to as the trend toward greater interdependence among national institutions and economies. It is a trend that is characterised by â€Å"denationalisation† in which national boundaries are becoming less relevant. It also refers to the cooperation between national actors (Wild et al, 2003). Internationalisation is necessary because, from a national view, economic isolation has become impossible. Failure to participate in the global marketplace assures declining economic capability of a nation (Czinkota and Ronkainen, 2004). According to Root (1994) the new global economy has created business environments that require firms to look past the traditional thinking of the domestic market, and to start looking at business from an international and global perspective instead. The term international business refers to a wide range of activities involved in conducting business transactions across national boundaries (Jain, 1996). According to Jeannet and Hennesey (1995) a company goes beyond exporting and become directly involved in the local market environment within a given country or market when they practice international marketing. Jain (1996) discusses that the internationalisation of marketing activities has become irreversible for relatively small companies. According to Czinkota and Ronkainen (2004), a successful international marketing enables improved quality of life, a better society, more efficient business transactions and even a more peaceful world. Process of internationalisation According to Czinkota and Ronkainen (2004), internationalisation is a gradual process for companies. For most companies, export operations are the first step in internationalisation. There is evidence that many firms develop their export business gradually (Albaum et al, 1994). Many companies appear to grow into international activities through a series of phased developments. They gradually change strategy and tactics as they become more involved. Others enter international markets after much research, with long-range plans fully developed (Cateora, 1996). Firms go international because increased global business activities create increased opportunities. International activities can also be crucial to a firm’s survival and growth. By expanding the international business around the globe, an international firm can strengthen its competitive position. Going international with your product and in this way lengthening or renewing the product life cycle in other countries, can also avoid early market saturation. (Czinkota and Ronkainen, 2004). According to Hollensen (1998), the major motives for a firm to start with international activity is divided into proactive and reactive motives. Proactive motives are focusing primarily on opportunities whereas reactive motives are necessary for the firm’s survival. 1 Introduction According to Czinkota and Ronkainen (2004), the proactive motivation can be about making the best use of profit, technological or unique product advantages. It can also consist of identifying and utilizing tax benefits or exclusive information to the firms benefit. Reactive motivations can be about national competitive pressure, or declining domestic sales that forces a firm to expand abroad to avoid making an economic loss (ibid). Jain (1996), discusses the importance of considering the internal and external factors extensively when preparing international expansion. The internal factors refer to corporate objectives, organization and resource availability. The external factors refer to competition, technological change, and economic, political or social changes. The monitoring of external and internal factors helps in the decision of whether to adapt a proactive or reactive strategy when going international. International market entry An international market entry mode is an arrangement that creates the possibility for a company’s products, technology, human skills, management, or other resources to enter into a foreign country Root (1994). According to De Burca et al (2004), there are various approaches, when selecting entry modes for foreign markets, and these have different implications for small and medium-sized as oppose to large sized firms. Most small and medium sized enterprises that enter foreign markets do it in a country-by-country basis. In this way the small actors can expand to new markets in a suitable pace with good control over the development (ibid). Once a firm has decided to enter or expand into a foreign market, it must determine the structural nature of its operations in that nation (Osland et al, 2001). The importance of choosing method of entry into foreign markets cannot be overemphasized. It is one of the most critical decisions because the entry decision is a macro decision. That is, when the firm chooses a level of involvement in foreign markets, it is also making choices about its marketing program there (Terpstra and Sarathy, 2000). Root (1994) describes the strategy for international entry as a comprehensive plan that will set forth the objectives, goals, resources, and policies that will guide the company’s international operations. The range of entry mode alternatives is wide enough that almost any company in any product area can find some appropriate way to reach foreign markets (Terpstra and Sarathy, 2000). There are a variety of foreign market entry strategies from which to choose. Each has particular advantages and shortcomings, depending on company strengths and weaknesses, the degree of commitment the company is willing or able to make, and market characteristics (Cateora, 1996). Depending on the type of entry strategy selected, market success may differ substantially (Jeannet and Hennessey, 1995). Managers therefore need to understand the nature of each of their modal choices. Modes vary in terms of the level of control, the quantity of required resources, and the amount of technological risk (Osland et al, 2001). According to Jeannet and Hennessey (1995) the three major entry mode strategy alternatives are foreign production, ownership and exporting strategies as described below. Several factors may encourage, or force, the firm to produce in foreign markets. If not producing in the country in which the sales occur, transportation costs can result in noncompetitiveness and tariffs or quotas can prevent entry of an exporter’s products. (Terpstra and Sarathy, 2000). 2 Introduction According to Czinkota and Ronkainen (2004) when companies making foreign direct investment they can choose from large ownership to a minority interest. The ownership choices are full ownership, joint venture and government consortia. The different levels of ownerships will result in a varying flexibility, a changing ability to control strategy, and differences in the level of risk assumed. De Burca et al (2004), describe alliances as an ownership strategy that improves international competitiveness by; faster product development, introducing products to foreign markets more quickly, lowering costs by focusing on core competences and reducing promotion costs by marketing under one brand. With export entry modes, a firms’ product are manufactured in a domestic market or a third country, and then transferred either directly or indirectly to the host market. Export is the most common mode to entry into international markets. (Hollensen, 1998). Small service firms go international De Burca et al (2004) give four reasons to why the service economy has stimulated international marketing of services. The decreases in government regulations are freeing up trade in services. This factor combined with social changes and business trends have also facilitated internationalisation of services. The advances in technology have lessened the constraints on provision of services imposed by national boundaries and influenced international service providers to globalise, which can be observed as evidence in the telecom sector (ibid). One quarter of all international trade consists of services. The different characteristics between manufactured goods and the service goods, affect how they are marketed internationally (Cateora, 1996). Erramilli and Rao (1993), talks about Swedish technical consultancy service firms that have bypassed the incremental establishment chain that is used by manufacturing firms. This is possible since the resource commitments are of minor significance for the service firm. Researchers have questioned how service firms enter into foreign markets and how they differ from manufacturers in their efforts. When internationalising, service firms have a tendency to require lower levels of financial investment than manufacturing firms (ibid). Since services are produced and consumed at the same time they have more restrictions in deciding the entry mode to bee used. Services can be divided into two categories, hard- and soft services. The first being more industrial services such as engineering and computing services, and the latter consisting more of consulting and consumer based services. Exporting is a common mode of entry for firm’s delivering hard service. Soft services are mainly nonexported. Erramilli, 1989). Karagianni and Labrianidis (2001), talks about large firms having considerable experience in acting on global markets, when on the other hand the majority of small firms have only recently adopted international perspectives in their strategies. Studies suggest that these small firms are confronted with greater difficulties in accessing international markets than the largescale actors. The uncertainty resulting from the inability to control prices, the limited access to policy makers, and the limited financial resources, acts as a constraint when developing a plan of international orientation. Therefore small firms face a higher risk when extending their business abroad (ibid). These factors force the small firms expanding international to use entry modes that provide security. This security can in the best way be gained through partnership operations with larger firms. 3 Introduction The above-mentioned characteristics for service- and small firms, shows that special entry modes need to be adapted to succeed internationally. 1. 2 Problem Discussion Export decisions A company can decide to enter the international arena by exporting from the home country. This type of foreign market development is the easiest and most common approach employed by companies taking their first international step because of the risk of financial loss can be minimized (Cateora, 1996). While exporting has the advantage of the least cost and risk of any entry method, it allows the firm little control over how, when, where and by whom the products are sold (Hollensen, 1998). Due to the benefits of low risk with the exporting entry mode, this method is a common way of getting international experience (Root, 1994). According to Terpstra and Sarathy (2000) a firm has two basic options for carrying out its export operations, direct and indirect exporting. According to Osland et al (2001), indirect exporting is the use of intermediaries located in the company’s home country and that takes responsibility to market and deliver the products. With indirect exporting the firm is not engaging in international marketing in any real sense. Its products are carried abroad by others. In direct exporting the manufacturer performs the export tasks rather than delegating it to others (Terpstra and Sarathy, 2000). A firm with minimal resources to devote to international expansion, which wants to enter international markets gradually, may also adopt this method, for testing out markets before committing major resources and effort to developing an export organisation (Hollensen, 1998). By using an indirect channel, a firm can start exporting with no investment in fixed capital and with low start up costs, in this way the risks are few (Root, 1994). There are five main entry modes of indirect exporting: Export buying agent, broker, export management company, trading company and piggyback (Hollensen, 1998). From these five modes of indirect exporting, piggybacking suits the small service firm going international. Piggybacking In piggyback exporting, one manufacturer uses its overseas distribution to sell another company’s product along with its own (Terpstra and Sarathy, 2000). Piggybacking is considered as an early form of strategic alliance where firms join together voluntarily, usually with no equity ties, to reach some objectives together that they cannot reach efficiently by themselves (Terpstra and Yu, 1990). The terms carrier and rider is described by Terpstra and Yu (1990); the carrier is usually a large firm with considerable international business and experience, and may have widespread production- and distribution facilities in several countries. In general the rider is the supplier of the basic products while the carrier performs the marketing and distribution strategy (ibid). According to Jeannet and Hennessey (1995), the rider is piggybacking its products on the shoulders of the established company. When a firm has a gap in its product line they have an option to acquire the necessary products outside by piggybacking. This option can be attractive because the firm obtains the new product faster. It is also a low cost solution to get the product because the carrier does not have to invest in RD, production facilities or market testing for the new product. (Hollensen, 1999). 4 Introduction For the rider using an export company to carry its product to foreign markets, piggybacking is one alternative route. It offers established export and distribution facilities and shared expenses (Terpstra and Sarathy, 2000). The fact that another producer is distributing the rider’s products may bring important benefits to the rider as compared with using a regular distributor (Terpstra and Yu (1990). All types of products can be exported by this technique, including textiles, industrial and electrical machinery and equipment, chemicals, consumer soft goods, and books. (Albaum et al, 1994). Service firms Most of the literature on internationalisation, international marketing and export strategies is adjusted to the need of the manufacturing sector. â€Å"For international services, theory lags practice by a onsiderable degree† (Gronroos, 1999, p. 291). Erramilli (1989, p. 50) emphasises the importance of research in service firms and entry modes and states two questions: â€Å"How do service firms enter individual foreign markets? † and â€Å"How does the entry behaviour vary across different industries in the service sector? † Chryssochoidis (1997) argues that since a service firm is characterized by high degrees of simultaneity, intangibility and perishability in the production process, they do not face the same investment alternatives in their internationalisation process as manufacturing firms. Due to the perishability, the service firm is always pressed to schedule tasks as efficiently as possible (ibid). The service offering is more intangible, personalized and custom-made than goods and it is the fastest growing sector of world trade. Traditionally, services have been thought of as offerings on a local solution and service firms have been considered local establishments. However the service businesses have now become more international (Czinkota and Ronkainen, 2004). A rapid globalisation of the world economy during the 1990’s has increased the opportunities for marketing services abroad. It is a fact that international marketing is a vital part of the service marketing (Gronroos, 1999). Foreign market entry behaviour in the service sector is characterised by considerable diversity, especially compared to the manufacturing sector (Erramilli, 1989). According to Terpstra and Yu (1990), the benefits for small firms when using piggyback operations are extensive. It is one of the most obvious ways for small firms without large capacity, to sell their products abroad. Even though the tendency to piggyback is large, and especially among smaller firms, there has not been any extensive research done in the area. The gap between practice and theory mentioned by Gronroos (1999), shows that the area of small service firms internationalising is not sufficiently researched. This fact provides us with the opportunity to contribute through the present study, in connecting the question of piggybacking as a method of market entry to the experiences of small service firms. 1. 3 Purpose In view of the above discussion the purpose of our study is: To provide a better understanding of piggybacking as an international entry mode for small service firms. 5 Introduction 1. 4 Research Questions To be able to answer the purpose of the study we shall address the following three research questions; 1. How can the process of piggybacking as an international entry mode be described? 2. How can the benefits gained by small service firms as piggyback riders be described? 3. How can the relationship between the piggyback rider and piggyback carrier be described? 1. 5 Delimitations The focus of this study is the piggybacking entry mode, used by small service firms when going international. The research is focusing on the rider firm, and the use of piggybacking. The relationship and the benefits are also analysed from the rider’s perspective. The carrier firm is not further considered since data is going to be collected only from the rider firm. 6 Literature Review 2 Literature Review In this chapter the literature in the research area of small service firms going international, and the use of piggybacking is reviewed and presented. We will analyse the theories connected to the research area and present a conceptual framework that will clarify the main topic to be studied. To add into the research of piggybacking as an entry mode for small service firms, the piggybacking arrangement combined with general entry mode decision for service firms will develop a framework from the literature. The entry mode choice, for small service firms differ from each other in the degree to which they involve the firm in the foreign market (Erramilli and Rao, 1990). Typically the amount of control increases, as a firm’s resource and involvement commitment increase. This generally means that firms preferring to maintain control over their foreign operations, may have to choose entry modes with higher involvement levels. Firms with lower market knowledge can be expected to be more willing to employ entry modes that involve entities outside the firm. (ibid). According to Darling and Kash (1998), the small firm needs to understand the dynamics of doing business in foreign markets. To just identify an opportunity is not enough. Contrasting opportunity with preparation and timing entry is essential to succeed. Small firms will do well in foreign markets if they proceed carefully and scientifically. International success will come to those who identify and meet a customer demand solidly and efficiently. Small firms can enjoy steady growth if they build on previous successes and do not compromise their strategic foundations with fast decisions made from incomplete competitive information (ibid). Small firms seldom have specialist executives to manage their international operations and therefore decision-making is much more likely to be personalized. This can lead the small firm to take shortcuts without proper evaluation of the alternatives. The small firm, however enjoy the advantage of greater flexibility and responsiveness to changes in the marketplace. Karagianni and Labrianidis, 2001). Small firms can choose between different ways to expand internationally, however limited resource bases can reduce the ability to expand from the domestic market. (Westhead et al, 2001). The choice of entry mode for service firms when going abroad is either to follow existing clients when they expand internationally or to actively look for new markets (Erramilli and Rao, 1993). For many service firms going abroad is not a matter of choice. Customers acquire international offers and require the service firm to deliver internationally as well. According to Gronroos (1999), there exist two different general entry modes for service firms entering foreign markets: 1. Client-following mode 2. Market-seeking mode A large number of service firms enter a foreign market primarily to serve the foreign subsidiaries of their domestic clients. This phenomenon â€Å"client following†, not heard of in the manufacturing sector, is a unique characteristic of service firms. The market seeking entry 7 Literature Review refers to service firms entering foreign markets primarily to serve foreign customers (Erramilli and Rao, 1990). A firm can generally be expected to be more knowledgeable when going abroad to serve its current domestic clients in a client-following entry, than when entering a market to serve foreign customers in a market-seeking mode. This means that the market-seeking firm can expect to perceive higher levels of uncertainty and risk (ibid). When high tech manufacturers internationalise, their service suppliers often are forced to follow them abroad. This factor has partly been the key factor of the growth in service trade internationally.

Adolescent Cigarette Abuse

Adolescent Cigarette Abuse 9830In Mary Mederios Kent's 2011 article "Not All Americans are Smoking Less", Kent studies the general trends of cigarette use in Americans. She makes the argument that, although the total amount of adults who smoke is lower than previous years, this fact lures people into a false sense of security regarding American health. The truth is that although it may seem as though less people are smoking, this is only because many general polls taken encompass only adults, when in fact, the majority of smokers now begin in their adolescent years. Therefore, Kent argues, this misleading data allows the public to disregard social issues that are important and necessary for societal health.Kent is a senior demographic writer for the Population Reference Bureau. Because this is a specialized publication and not just an accumulation of news, Kent can be considered an expert in her field. As the claimsmaker, Kent offers extensive grounds for her argument.CigaretteRather than loading her paper wit h typifying examples, Kent cites quantitative data and statistics, such as that in the 1960s, 42 percent of American adults were smokers, whereas by 2010 it had decreased to about 20 percent (2011). She includes graphs that show the changing trends of smoking, and more importantly, the fact that smoking is quickly becoming more prevalent in younger age groups.Additional grounds in her article emphasize the kind of people affected. Kent analyzes how, although teenagers as a whole are smoking more, there are also divisions by class and ethnicity. Smoking is currently most prevalent amongst non- Hispanic white students, and least so among Hispanics. This, Kent states, is most likely a result of the increased immigration of non-smoking Hispanics into America (2011). Although it is true that the percentage of African American teenagers who smoke is nearly as...

10 Ways to Impress a Science Fair Judge

10 Ways to Impress a Science Fair Judge How do you know if your science fair project has what it takes to win an award at the science fair? Here are 10 ways you can impress the science fair judge and take the prize. Make a genuine scientific breakthrough or invent something new. Judges admire creativity and genuine innovation. You dont need to cure cancer, but you should try to look at something in a novel way or devise a new procedure or product.Draw valid conclusions from your data. The best project idea will fail if you dont interpret your data correctly.Find a real-world application for your project. Pure research is commendable, but there is almost always a potential use for the knowledge.Clearly explain your purpose, how the science fair project was conducted, your results, and your conclusions. Make sure you understand your science fair project and that you can explain it clearly to the science fair judge. Practice describing your project to friends, family, or in front of the mirror.Understand the background material related to the project. This can be through interviews, library research, or any other method that allows you to gather information not already known to you. Science fair ju dges want you to learn from your project, so go looking for facts and studies relating to your idea. Design a clever or elegant apparatus for your project. The paperclip isnt complex, which is part of why it is such a great invention.Use analytical methods to process your data (such as a statistical analysis).Repeat your experiment to verify your results. In some cases, this can take the form of multiple trials.Have a poster that is neat, clear, and free of errors. Its fine to seek help with this part of the project.Use the scientific method. Combine background research with experimentation and analysis.

Jamie Dimon and Succession Planning at JP Morgan Essay

Jamie Dimon and Succession Planning at JP Morgan - Essay Example In the case of JPMorgan, the post of Chairman and CEO is being held by Jamie Dimon, giving rise to controversial as well as key points of discussion. Thus, the discussion will be regarding JPMorgan’s organizational structure and corporate governance, particularly whether Dimon can have both the jobs and whether that arrangement can serve the company as well as shareholders, how it can impact knowledge management and also search for the new successor. As pointed out above, when compared to most publicly held companies, JP Morgan is following the structure of keeping or appointing a single person for the two key leadership posts of Chairman and CEO, in the form of Jamie Dimon. While Lloyd C. Blankfein, chairman and CEO of Goldman Sachs Group Inc â€Å"reached an agreement with an investor last year to drop a proposal for an independent chairman after giving expanded responsibilities to its lead independent director†, Kennett Lewis of Bank of America Corp. could not hold on to the dual posts as the â€Å"investors voted to strip the chairman’s title in the aftermath of the Merrill Lynch & Co. takeover and federal bailout.† (Kopecki, 2013). When one focuses on Dimon’s, he entered JPMorgan, albeit in an indirect manner, in early 2000s when JPMorgan acquired Bank One, in which Dimon was the Chairman as well as the CEO. After acquisition and the resultant merger, Dimon became the President as well as COO of the combined company. Then, in 2005, he was appointed as the CEO of JPMorgan Chase and then a year later, he became the chairman of the board. (â€Å"Board of Directors†, n. d). From that time, he has been holding the dual posts, and although he has been performing well, certain events in the recent past led to questions being raised regarding the effectiveness of Dimon holding both the key leadership posts. The key event that raised the pitch against him was the JPMorgan’s $6 billion trading losses in London dubbed as ‘London

Violations of human rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Violations of human rights - Essay Example In some other countries, financial and community privileges are not applied, therefore, the primary impression behind focusing human privileges is that all government authorities should try to maintain these important privileges and get that all kinds of elegance in this regard are exterminated. The United Nations on Decembers 10, 1948 implemented the worldwide announcement of Individual Rights and called upon the different member countries to guarantee all a person’s privileges to their individuals. Dec 10 thus became an ancient day in the history around the globe history. As such this day, i.e. Dec 10 is therefore recognized all over the globe every season as Individual Rights Day. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights enumerates two sets of human rights or privileges. The first set of privileges is civil and political rights such as right to independence of conversation or expression, right to lifestyle and freedom, right to equivalent rights before law, right to have legal remedy, right to shift easily and right to elect or take aspect in the government of ones nation. The second set of privileges is economic and social rights. These privileges consist of right to perform, right to have rest and enjoyment, right to have a good quality of lifestyle, right to details and right to have equivalent pay for equivalent performance. Many kinds of breach or violations and discrimination of human privileges are seen in different areas around the globe. For example, Amnesty International’s 2009 World Report and other sources display that in 81 countries individuals are tormented or misused, Face biased trials in at least 54 countries, Limited in their independence of appearance in about 77 countries. (Amnesty.org) Functions of pain and ill therapy are regularly dedicated by government security solutions and equipped categories, such as continual thrashings, attacks

Images of Beauty Essay Example for Free

Images of Beauty Essay Beauty is among all of us, both women and men yet women and men are looked upon differently, causing a negative impact on themselves and society, targeting the young generations that can be very harmful to them emotionally and psychically. In the images of beauty, when men and women are promoted in magazines, movies, billboards and many other different kinds of medians, we all see those images differently depending how we want ourselves to be as. The media played a powerful role in our society influencing and using the models attractiveness and body image to catch the people’s attention. In doing that, media had successfully bombarded the young children’s minds with images of skinny and muscular models that lead to negative consequences such as body dissatisfaction, emotional feelings and sexual relations. Body dissatisfaction is a huge issue among adolescent men and women that can cause severe health problems by starving themselves and allowing them to do things that will harm their body such as taking drugs or getting a plastic surgery. If someone has a poor body image, he or she would most likely try to do anything or any method to change the looks of its body, even if it means restricting food or taking potentially harmful substances. For a woman, they will think that their body is too heavy and as for men, their thoughts are divided into two parts: overweight and underweight. For example, what is actually considered an ideal body for a man is when they have a low body fat, lots of muscles, narrow waist, large shoulders, and body with a V-shaped torso. When another man sees this kind of image, they will say that this is the kind of body they want to have. This kind of negative influence can encourage, especially the young teenagers and adults to starve themselves, take diet pills and by doing that it can cause anorexia, a type of eating disorder or many other types of health problems. For example, when a children look at the models they might think that the only way to look like them is to go on a diet. Although I may have to agree that it is the easy way to become thin, but knowing that it can cause many harms to the body itself. Even though exercise is much harder and takes longer to practices, but it provides many varieties of benefits. Diet pills is also another fast and easy way to manage their weight; however, diet pills also contain diuretics or stimulants, which can cause sleeping problems, seizures, high blood pressure and more.In addition, when men and women are dissatisfied with their body and starts doing all sorts of stuff that causes health problems, they then starts to feel depressed and have low self-esteem. An unhealthy body may increase the changes in an individual’s behavior and attitude. This can also allow them to experience in the state of anger and anxiety due to the fact that they are not satisfied with size and shape of their body. Furthermore, the young teens regarding the entertainment media as the number one source of information about sexuality and sexual health, allowing easy access for children at a young age to be engage into sexual relations. Being open about sex and how they talk to their girlfriends or boyfriends, it is largely because of what they see, hear and learn.

A Genocide Forgotten Essay -- Essays Papers

A Genocide Forgotten During his stay at the Crown Hotel’s Sailor Reading Room in Norwich, the mysterious protagonist in W.G. Sebald’s Rings of Saturn was quietly leafing through Independent on Sunday newspaper; he came across an article that stirred his memory. This article dealt with â€Å"so-called cleansing operations† undertaken by Croats, Germans and Austrians which took place during WW2 in Bosnia d, where a souvenir photograph taken by the Utashi showed â€Å"fellow militiamen in the best of spirits, some of them striking heroic poses, are sawing the head off a Serb† (96). Sebald’s protagonist goes on to reveal more historical information with graphic details and in the process is bewildered by the lack of outrage and knowledge of these atrocities. The culmination of the ignorance was the election of an unnamed â€Å"young Viennese lawyer (99)† who was involved in the planning of deportations in the Balkans later became the UN Secretary General and the voi ce of Voyager II. Consequently, in his novel, Rings of Saturn, W.G. retold the tragedy and horror of the Balkan Holocaust and Kurt Waldheim’s ascension in world politics in order to underscore the ironies inherent in historical amnesia. In order to fully comprehend the significance of Sebald’s revelations, one must review the historical background surrounding these atrocities. Following, World War One, the signing of the Treaty of Versailles the ended of the rule of the Hapsburg dynasty, the multiethnic Astro-Hungarian Empire crumbled. In its place independent states of Austrian and Hungary, but also another multiethnic kingdom of Yugoslavia, which contained Serbs, Croats, Slovenes and Jews were established.1 While Orthodox Serbs were an overall majority, Catholic Croats were in m... ...ng war criminals?† Human Events. August 2, 1996: 4-6. Reinhartz, Dennis. â€Å"Unmarked graves: the destruction of the Yugoslav Roma in the Balkan Holocaust.† Journal of Genocide Research. 1 (1999) 81-90 Sebald, W.G. The Rings of Saturn. Trans. Michael Hulse. London: Harvill, 1998. Schindley, Wanda. â€Å"Hidden History: the Horror of Jasenovac.† Ratsko.org. (2005). Utgaard, Peter.Remebering and Forgetting Nazism. New York: Bergham, 2003. Wertz, Joachim. On the Serbian Orthodox New Martyrs of the Second World War:A Brief Historical Background. Orthodox Christian Information Center. (1983) . â€Å"What was Jasenovac?†. 2001. The Jasenovac Research Institute. April 13, 2005.

Farewell to Arms by Ernest Hemingway Essay

Ancient and modern societies have deployed wars as a means of solving conflicts or advancing certain interests. The Infamous wars in the world are the World War I and World War II which happened in the 20th C. These two wars took place for the purpose of advancing political and economical gains of the participating countries. Countries wanted to gain powerful control over others on military, economic resources and even resizing the countries boundaries by capturing other nations. A win in war guaranteed superiority hence opportunity to rule over the subdued nation. War and literature Literature, has borrowed a lot from the occurrence of the World War 1 and World War II. Literature is considered as a mirror of the society. The events that took place during these wars have shaped authors of the ancient and modern society. The authors aimed to bring into light the true picture of what went on in the course of the war. The significance of these wars to literature thus can be observed in the aspect of the style and content form of literary writers. Literature art saw the emergence of several literary authors during the world wars and after. Some of the notable literary writers who have voiced their thought on negative effects world wars had on the society include: Farewell to Arms by Ernest Hemingway First Casualty by Ben Elton Goodbye to All That by Robert Graves Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas All Quiet on The Western Front by Erich Maria Remarque Content forms a significant aspect in identification of war literature. It is the message that authors want to present to their audience. In war literature the above authors used their creative arts as writers to show the world that although these wars presented massive growth to countries in regard to military advancements and economic gains, the social, cultural, economical and political society setup systems suffered immensely. This research analyses some of the negative effects of war as presented in these creative writings. Despair, grief and disillusionment Despair, grief and disillusionment are some of the psychological effects that wars submit Citizens and the soldiers to. These effects can have a lasting scar to the people involved influencing the way they think and act. Hemingway’s Farewell to Arms presents a picture of soldiers and citizens disillusioned with the war. The soldier with Hernia admits to having thrown away his truss in order to avoid returning to the war front. He says â€Å"I threw away the goddam truss so it could get bad and I would not have to go to the line again† (Hemingway 37). Henry then offers to help him â€Å"You get out and fall down by the road and get a bump on your head and I’ll pick you up on our way back and take you to a hospital.† By offering to help, Henry is demonstrating his lost will to pursue the course of the war as he considers the war to be out of his interest. Sentiments of Henry are echoed by Rinaldi who does admit to the fact that war has made him depressed â€Å"This war is killing me,† Rinaldi said, â€Å"I am very depressed by it (Hemingway 177). Miss Barkley in Hemingway’s Farewell to Arms is a woman filled with grief. Miss Barkley’s boyfriend who was a soldier is killed in the war. His death does not only cause Miss Barkley grief but it leads her to desperation in finding someone who can comfort her. Her desperation is evident in the way she easily falls for Henry at their first encounter. She tells him â€Å"you are sweet†¦ I’d be glad to kiss you if you don’t mind.† (Hemingway 27).Barkley would love forgetting the nasty experience. In addition, throughout Farewell to Arms novel, soldiers indulge in alcoholism and drug abuse. Their main reason is to get the troubles of war out of their mind. This illustrates the psychological turmoil that the soldiers are subjected to. Feelings of happiness have eluded them and alcohol and drug abuse present their only choice to refilling their minds with that ‘feel good’ moment. Ben Elton’s First Casualty novel also presents elements of disillusionment among the soldiers. In discussion between one of the soldiers and the inspector, the soldier notes â€Å"Oh don’t get me wrong inspector, we all know that he is right, the War’s gone Mad, nothing could possibly be worth the price we are paying.† (Elton 129). The soldier’s believe in the war has been shattered completely. The fighting is considered as madness as there isn’t any benefit apart from the country and the Kings’ pride. It is mad fighting when you have no reason for the fight. Decay of moral values War literature seems to amplify the fact that during war period, non-soldiers and soldiers are so much concerned with themselves that they become complacent, lack care for others and general decay of moral values. This is attributed to the harsh climate of wars which lead to basic human moral values and ethics being degenerated. War climate is a climate that is hard to separate an enemy from a friend. People are usually preoccupied in trying to save themselves rather than trying to help others. Medical practitioners and first aid providers are expected to demonstrate kindness and tender care to their patients. These professionals act in contrary in the novel Farewell to Arms by Hemingway. Henry on arrival in Milan for specialized medical care, the ambulance drivers hold him clumsily as they put him in an elevator. This causes him a lot of pain. Moreover, one of them is drunk â€Å"His breath came in my face metallic with garlic and red wine (Hemingway 87). He is also bandaged with dirty bandages â€Å"When I woke up, I looked around†¦my legs in the dirty bandages†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Hemingway (90). The hospitals are not able to acquire proper facilities for war victims despite being new. In Goodbye to All That by Robert Graves, the author displays a group of men joking over a dead body â€Å"Out of the light, you old bastard, Do you own this bloody trench.† (Graves, 100). This context portrays a society that has become so used to death that death does not illicit fear anymore. This complacency is further heightened when there is heavy bombardments and Graves is only concerned with his cup of tea which is spilled (Graves 188) During the retreat in Farewell to Arms novel Henry and the companion pick up two girls who were in desperate help to run away from the war front. One of the soldiers Bonello does not demonstrate the virtue of kindness. He wants to take advantage of the girls to advance his sexual urge â€Å"he put his hand on the girl’s thigh and squeezed it in a friendly way. The girl drew her shawl tight around her and pushed his hand away (Hemingway 208). Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas novel by Thompson presents a society that is punishing what is right and condoning what is wrong, As the Duke continues to read the newspaper, a small article talks about how Mohammed Ali has a final appeal of a case in court which he had been sentenced to five years in prison for refusing to kill â€Å"slopes.† This illustrates the moral decay of the society. A criminal was likely to get a shorter jail term than a person who had refused to join the military and aid in killings. What is right is considered a serious offence. Discrimination Discrimination refers to isolation of an individual on basis of race, religion, color and sex. The war era period was characterized with a lot of discrimination. Discrimination led to hatred which fueled the wars. Notable forms of discrimination included nationality and sex/gender War discriminates the human race based on nationality and patriotism to warring parties. Hemingway’s Farewell to War is a classic example. While in Italy for specialized treatment, Henry requests for a barber. He is mistreated by the barber whom we come to understand that had mistakenly identified Henry as an Australian. The porter says that the barber would have gone as far as killing Henry but fear prevented him. In addition, the doctor to Henry refers to Australians as ‘sons of bitches’ he even asks Henry how many he had managed to kill (Hemingway 101). The Italians and Australians are enemies during the war. Patriotism and allegiance to each country has created a segregation gap among citizens of these nations. Fear and Loathing Las Vegas reveals racist nature of the American military during thje Vietnam War decay of moral values. This is portrayed in a copy of the Las Vegas Sun newspaper the Duke was reading. â€Å"†¦she was just a slope anyway.† This is in reference to killing of Asiatic origin person. His killing is considered right for simple reason that he from the race of the enemy camp. A ‘slope’ referred to Asiatic community. The massive killings during the Vietnam War were ironically regarded as success by the American government. Disruption of Human lives Wars disrupt the social political and economical functioning of a society. During the World War 1 as brought by Henry Hemingway in Farewell to Arms, these fundamental pillars of the society were disrupted. The process of love between a man and woman cannot hold. As a soldier, Henry believes he cannot fall in love with a woman just because of her job nature. When we meet Henry on his first encounter with Catherine, Henry paints a picture of hypocritical demonstration of love. Secondly, Henry in Farewell to Arms by Henry Hemingway novel states that. â€Å"There were riots twice in town against the war and bad in Turin (Hemingway 142) this illustrates that the daily activities of people were disrupted as they came out to air their views in regard to war proceedings. All Quiet on the Western Front author Erich Maria Remarque portrays soldiers who have been cut out from the society and deprived fundamental physiological needs such as a need to have a romantic sexual experience. Recruitment into the army in this novel happens at a very young age of around 20 years. The young men are at a ripe energy of starting to experience romantic life when they are enlisted to war. This illustrated by Paul who poses a statementâ€Å"we can hardly credit those things happen.† (Remarque 141) in reference to a poster of a woman wearing a white dress and a red belt Paul Bauner in the novel All Quiet on the Western Front represents a figure alienated from the rest of Civilians. War has profound effects on people. Not only does it damage the souls of people but also the physical body. Paul Bauner is the novel’s protagonist taking part in the World War 1 as a German soldier. He witnesses the horrifying death of his fellow soldiers through grisly bullet wounds and explosives. He is affected by these events and can be seen by his inability to relate to other civilians while on leave. Migration of residents During the war period, families and residents of the war areas are forced to migrate to safer areas. On page 200 in Farewell to Arms, Henry Hemingway narrates that Gorizzia town was almost empty. â€Å"In the night many peasants had joined the column from the roads of the country and in the column there were carts loaded with household goods; there were mirrors projecting up between mattresses, and chickens and ducks tied to carts. There was a sewing-machine on the cart ahead of us in the rain. They had saved the most valuable things† (pg 211) The above quotes paint a picture of people migrating away from their homes. People have saved belongings they believe are most important. Moreover there were several houses that were abandoned. The narrator says â€Å"The whole country was moving, as well as the army (Hemingway 233) Senseless murder and brutality Wars are usually filled with senseless murder and brutality. The killing of one of the two sergeants by Henry who refused to help get out Aymo’s car that had stuck in mud is a clear example. The sergeant is killed for failing to honor an order which is not from their leader and to which they see no reason to respond to. â€Å"I opened up my holster, took the pistol, aimed at the one who had talked the most, and fired. I missed and they both started to run. I shot three times and dropped one† (Hemingway 218). Bonello sees no crime in this act and not only does he offer to finish up the wounded sergeant; he finds it a special accomplishment. The irony in this killing is that they still had to abandon the car after it failed to come out. Soldiers with the rank of a colonel, a major or a higher rank are killed for crimes of abandoning their troops. This act is brutal in that the officers are not given a chance to defend themselves. They were convicted to death without trial. â€Å"He was not allowed to make an explanation† (Hemingway 240). We the readers are aware that these soldiers had not abandoned their troops and these murders have no basis. Aymo an Italian soldier is also shot by fellow Italian soldiers. These soldiers are acting out of fear of Germans who are perceived to have broken barriers. Remarque in the novel All quiet on the Western Front describes World War 1 as beastly. The Germans are actually enjoying killing the enemy soldiers and even call it a game of Germans. The soldiers are transformed from being humans into animals/beasts. â€Å"†¦ We reach the zone where the front begins and become the instant human animal (Remarque 56) Fear In the course of war, fear is instilled not only to the area residents but also the soldier. Bonello a soldier with the Italian troops has surrendered to the enemy soldiers. From discussion of Henry and Tenente, we realize that his main reason to surrendering was fear of being killed. â€Å"He was afraid we would get killed.† (Hemingway 232). Bonello viewed being a prisoner as a better option to death. Residents and former soldiers leave in fear of being arrested. â€Å"If you have nothing to fear an arrest is nothing. But it is always bad to be arrested — especially now.† (Hemingway 283). Henry after escaping the war front, fear haunts him when he is told that he was being sought after to be arrested for having been earlier an officer and was now out of uniform. He and Catherine are forced to flee. Soldiers in the novel All Quiet on the Western Front present a picture of soldiers who leave on constant fear of physical danger as the prospects of blown up are so high. Paul the protagonist says that he wished that one day he woke up and found all that had been gone forever. Paul is referring to the wars and shows how soldiers dreamt of the end to the war but still woke up to it Destruction of property World War 1 was characterized use of heavy machinery and explosives. Farewell to Arms by Henry Hemingway illustrates the destructive nature this war brought to the native peasants. The narrator says â€Å"The night we helped empty the field hospital that had been set up in the least ruined villages of the plateau† (Hemingway 200). In addition Henry notes that there were blown up bridges (Hemingway 223) which hindered accessibility to some areas. There are many abandoned farm houses. Loss of life War is usually characterized by massive loss of life due to involvement of weapons. Farewell to Arms by Hemingway is a classic example. Catherine says that his former boyfriend was killed in the war. Catherine describes his death as a ghastly show (Hemingway 18). Soldiers too are not spared to the war onslaught. Rossini and many other Italian soldiers when their camp is hit by a trench mortar shell from the enemy camp. Henry on page 79 says â€Å"when they lifted you up out of bed to carry you into the dressing room you could look out of the window and see the new graves in the garden.† The presents of fresh graves seem s to amplify the concept of loss of life. Conclusion The various novels analyzed in this research have shown that Wars despite having been used to advance political and economical, communities and societies that were involved in this war were left with more harm than good. The research has looked at the World War 1, the World War II and the Vietnam War. Wars create fear, disillusionment, massive migration of people, murder, loss of life, decay of moral values and discrimination among several others. Reference Thompson, Hunter S. Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas: A Savage Journey to the Heart of the American Dream. London: Flamingo, 1972 Hemingway, Ernest (1929). Hemingway, Seà ¡n, ed. A Farewell to Arms (The Special Edition ed.). London: William Heinemann. Elton, B. (2006). The first casualty. London: Black Swan. Graves, R. (2011). Goodbye to all that. London: Viking. Remarque, E. M., & Murdoch, B. (1996). All quiet on the Western Front. London: Vintage. Source document

Witness

The development of characters is enhanced by Peter Weir’s film techniques? Discuss this statement with reference to witness The film Witness focuses on the clash of cultures, allowing Peter Weir to comment on the injustices of modern culture and the development of characters as a result. In the film Witness the Western World influences and changes the characters through the new experiences they face and encounter. Throughout the course of the film the Amish boy, Samuel Lapp undergoes many changes as he is influenced and corrupted by the horrors of the Western World as appose to the Amish culture which dwells on living a pacifist lifestyle within which he lives. The murder scene in Witness is critical to revealing the change of Samuel’s experiences from innocence to complete awareness of the horrors of the world. The close up of Samuel’s eye through the keyhole in the bathroom door reveals that we are seeing the course of events through his point of view and perspective on the situation. However in the bathroom scene Samuel witnesses a brutal murder which vicissitudes his character to one that has knowledge of the danger and violence in the Western World. The Western World’s morals and values of what is veracious and immoral are different to that of the Amish society. The Amish and John Book have different perceptions of justice as illustrated throughout the gun scene. In this scene both John Book and Eli reprimand Samuel when he touched the gun. The close up of Samuel handling the gun provokes contradictory responses from both John Book and Eli. John Book is concerned that the gun is loaded and hands Samuel the gun without bullets. To John Book the bullets symbolise the power to exert justice; the gun is purely the vessel like he is, from which justice can be delivered. The close up of Samuel directs the audience’s attention to the fact that it is Samuel whose mind is being influenced and challenged by his exposure to the western world. In contrast Eli’s view is that the gun symbolises the unclean nature of the Western Culture as it has the power to take away a man’s life. However the gun is purely an extension of a person’s values whether that is moral or unmoral values. The Amish culture dwells on the concept of peace within their community and lives a pacifist lifestyle; however when the western world collides with the Amish lifestyle many differences yet some similarities show through. This reveals Peter Weir’s ultimate comment the despite our differences and similarities uman nature draws individuals together. The western lifestyle is represented through the Dark music which conveys the cruelness and brutality of the Western World coming into and influencing and challenging characters within the Amish community. This is revealed in the final gun scene. In this scene John uses what is within the Amish community to defeat the corrupt cops that are coming against him. In the final gun s cene there is a sense of community in order to protect the Amish culture whereas the murder scene there is a sense of individualism and corruption.

Free Essays on Pilots And Bipolar Disorder

Don’t Fly or Deal With the Consequences Mental disorders are becoming a more recognized ailment in society today. Psychological stressors and genetic backgrounds are two of the main factors triggering these disorders. It is estimated that more than 17 million Americans meet the criteria for mental disorders. This means that there are undoubtedly a small percentage of these Americans that, at one time in their life, will apply for an aviation medical certificate. This is where the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) gets involved. According to FAA regulations a medical examiner is required to deny certification to individuals who show signs of certain mental disorders. Bipolar disorder is one of these disorders in which denial of an aviation medical certificate will be sought. Bipolar disorder is a one of several types of mood disorders, but has different characteristics that set it apart from the rest. Also called manic-depression, it is a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in a person’s mood, energy, and ability to function. It is distinguished by behavior that fluctuates from extreme highs to serious lows interspersed with periods of normal mood. Typically everyone does go through normal ups and downs. However, symptoms of bipolar disorder are more severe, resulting in damaged relationships, poor job or school performance and even suicide. Bipolar disorder typically develops in late adolescence or early adulthood and continues throughout life. Symptoms of this devastating disorder include decreased need for sleep, talkativeness, racing thoughts, distractibility, psychomotor agitation, irritability, diminished interest, loss of pleasure in most activities, feelings of inappropriateness and even suicidal thoughts. These symptoms can have a severe impact on pilots in both their social life and on the job. It has been found that bipolar disorder is not a result of just one particular cause but rather a combinat... Free Essays on Pilots And Bipolar Disorder Free Essays on Pilots And Bipolar Disorder Don’t Fly or Deal With the Consequences Mental disorders are becoming a more recognized ailment in society today. Psychological stressors and genetic backgrounds are two of the main factors triggering these disorders. It is estimated that more than 17 million Americans meet the criteria for mental disorders. This means that there are undoubtedly a small percentage of these Americans that, at one time in their life, will apply for an aviation medical certificate. This is where the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) gets involved. According to FAA regulations a medical examiner is required to deny certification to individuals who show signs of certain mental disorders. Bipolar disorder is one of these disorders in which denial of an aviation medical certificate will be sought. Bipolar disorder is a one of several types of mood disorders, but has different characteristics that set it apart from the rest. Also called manic-depression, it is a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in a person’s mood, energy, and ability to function. It is distinguished by behavior that fluctuates from extreme highs to serious lows interspersed with periods of normal mood. Typically everyone does go through normal ups and downs. However, symptoms of bipolar disorder are more severe, resulting in damaged relationships, poor job or school performance and even suicide. Bipolar disorder typically develops in late adolescence or early adulthood and continues throughout life. Symptoms of this devastating disorder include decreased need for sleep, talkativeness, racing thoughts, distractibility, psychomotor agitation, irritability, diminished interest, loss of pleasure in most activities, feelings of inappropriateness and even suicidal thoughts. These symptoms can have a severe impact on pilots in both their social life and on the job. It has been found that bipolar disorder is not a result of just one particular cause but rather a combinat...

A Brief History of the Microscope

A Brief History of the Microscope During that historic period known as the Renaissance, after the dark Middle Ages, there occurred the inventions of printing, gunpowder and the mariners compass, followed by the discovery of America. Equally remarkable was the invention of the light microscope: an instrument that enables the human eye, by means of a lens or combinations of lenses, to observe enlarged images of tiny objects. It made visible the fascinating details of worlds within worlds. Invention of Glass Lenses Long before, in the hazy unrecorded past, someone picked up a piece of transparent crystal thicker in the middle than at the edges, looked through it, and discovered that it made things look larger. Someone also found that such a crystal would focus the suns rays and set fire to a piece of parchment or cloth. Magnifiers and burning glasses or magnifying glasses are mentioned in the writings of Seneca and Pliny the Elder, Roman philosophers during the first century A. D., but apparently they were not used much until the invention of spectacles, toward the end of the 13th century. They were named lenses because they are shaped like the seeds of a lentil. The earliest simple microscope was merely a tube with a plate for the object at one end and, at the other, a lens which gave a magnification less than ten diameters ten times the actual size. These excited general wonder when used to view fleas or tiny creeping things and so were dubbed flea glasses. Birth of the Light Microscope About 1590, two Dutch spectacle makers, Zaccharias Janssen and his son Hans, while experimenting with several lenses in a tube, discovered that nearby objects appeared greatly enlarged. That was the forerunner of the compound microscope and of the telescope. In 1609, Galileo, father of modern physics and astronomy, heard of these early experiments, worked out the principles of lenses, and made a much better instrument with a focusing device. Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) The father of microscopy, Anton van Leeuwenhoek of Holland, started as an apprentice in a dry goods store where magnifying glasses were used to count the threads in cloth. He taught himself new methods for grinding and polishing tiny lenses of great curvature which gave magnifications up to 270 diameters, the finest known at that time. These led to the building of his microscopes and the biological discoveries for which he is famous. He was the first to see and describe bacteria, yeast plants, the teeming life in a drop of water, and the circulation of blood corpuscles in capillaries. During a long life, he used his lenses to make pioneer studies on an extraordinary variety of things, both living and non-living and reported his findings in over a hundred letters to the Royal Society of England and the French Academy. Robert Hooke Robert Hooke, the English father of microscopy, re-confirmed Anton van Leeuwenhoeks discoveries of the existence of tiny living organisms in a drop of water. Hooke made a copy of Leeuwenhoeks light microscope and then improved upon his design. Charles A. Spencer Later, few major improvements were made until the middle of the 19th century. Then several European countries began to manufacture fine optical equipment but none finer than the marvelous instruments built by the American, Charles A. Spencer, and the industry he founded. Present day instruments, changed but little, give magnifications up to 1250 diameters with ordinary light and up to 5000 with blue light. Beyond the Light Microscope A light microscope, even one with perfect lenses and perfect illumination, simply cannot be used to distinguish objects that are smaller than half the wavelength of light. White light has an average wavelength of 0.55 micrometers, half of which is 0.275 micrometers. (One micrometer is a thousandth of a millimeter, and there are about 25,000 micrometers to an inch. Micrometers are also called microns.) Any two lines that are closer together than 0.275 micrometers will be seen as a single line, and any object with a diameter smaller than 0.275 micrometers will be invisible or, at best, show up as a blur. To see tiny particles under a microscope, scientists must bypass light altogether and use a different sort of illumination, one with a shorter wavelength. The Electron Microscope The introduction of the electron microscope in the 1930s filled the bill. Co-invented by Germans, Max Knoll, and Ernst Ruska in 1931, Ernst Ruska was awarded half of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1986 for his invention. (The other half of the Nobel Prize was divided between Heinrich Rohrer and Gerd Binnig for the STM.) In this kind of microscope, electrons are speeded up in a vacuum until their wavelength is extremely short, only one hundred-thousandth that of white light. Beams of these fast-moving electrons are focused on a cell sample and are absorbed or scattered by the cells parts so as to form an image on an electron-sensitive photographic plate. Power of the Electron Microscope If pushed to the limit, electron microscopes can make it possible to view objects as small as the diameter of an atom. Most electron microscopes used to study biological material can see down to about 10 angstromsan incredible feat, for although this does not make atoms visible, it does allow researchers to distinguish individual molecules of biological importance. In effect, it can magnify objects up to 1 million times. Nevertheless, all electron microscopes suffer from a serious drawback. Since no living specimen can survive under their high vacuum, they cannot show the ever-changing movements that characterize a living cell. Light Microscope Vs Electron Microscope Using an instrument the size of his palm, Anton van Leeuwenhoek was able to study the movements of one-celled organisms. Modern descendants of van Leeuwenhoeks light microscope can be over 6 feet tall, but they continue to be indispensable to cell biologists because, unlike electron microscopes, light microscopes enable the user to see living cells in action. The primary challenge for light microscopists since van Leeuwenhoeks time has been to enhance the contrast between pale cells and their paler surroundings so that cell structures and movement can be seen more easily. To do this they have devised ingenious strategies involving video cameras, polarized light, digitizing computers, and other techniques that are yielding vast improvements, in contrast, fueling a renaissance in light microscopy.

Airline industry Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Airline industry - Coursework Example During off season the supply of air travel exceeds its demand. The airline industry has many positive effects over the economy. Airlines provide a fast and safe transportation method that allows humans to travel long distances in short periods of time. This method of transportation is perfectly suited to serve the needs of tourist. The tourism revenues of countries depend on the ability of airlines to bring tourist into their country. There are millions tourist coming into the United States every year. These tourists help the economy by spending money in the consumer markets. Another way the airline industry helps the economy is by carrying merchandise from one location to another. The international trade system depends on the airline industry to transport goods between countries. The airline industry also positively impacts the economy by generating thousands of jobs. The billions of dollars generated in revenues by the industry pay income taxes to local governments. The labor marke t for the airline industry is composed of different positions including pilots, stewardess, maintenance crew, security crew, engineers, ticket sales representatives, and management. The most important position in the airline industry is the pilots.